CrossFit Exercises for Beginners: the Benefits and Risks

By Tyler Guzzo|2024-05-16T13:58:23-04:00February 1, 2020|Workouts|

Last Updated on May 16, 2024 by Paola Castillo

What is CrossFit?

If you’re unsure, then I might assume that your friend group isn’t into “CrossFit”. Why? As popular as CrossFit exercises are, chances are they would have explained it by now. CrossFit was founded by Greg Glassman in the year 2000, and it now has over 15,000 company affiliates worldwide (1).

While CrossFit now enjoys widespread popularity, it is essential to follow proper form in order to successfully and safely gain its benefits.

High Intensity Functional Training

Woman Doing CrossFit

CrossFit incorporates a style of exercise that involves a constant variation of functional movements performed at a high intensity. That’s why it encompasses exercises like rowing, gymnastics, distance runs and plyometrics – to name just a few things. If that doesn’t sound challenging enough, there are typically time limits and/or a specific number of repetitions/rounds to complete each workout. You might also want to check out Start Rowing’s best rowing machine picks to help you find the right machine for your workout.

Record Your Time

By recording your time or number of reps/rounds completed during the daily workout, you can calculate your workout score. Then after calculating your score, not only can you compare your score to a previous date when you did the same workout but you can even compare your score to others who completed the workout on that day in your CrossFit “Box” (gym). Simply add your workout score into the application known as Wodify. Your picture as well as score will be available for everyone using the application to bask in your glory.

The Effects

This style of training is not only motivating, but it’s also extremely effective. High intensity exercise has a great impact on reducing:

Subcutaneous fat
Trunk fat
And waist circumference, especially when compared to other forms of exercise.

Higher intensity exercise also has shown to have a greater effect on fat oxidation even after the workout. One study found that participants who performed a high intensity functional training protocol versus a traditional endurance training protocol saw a significant reduction in waist circumference when compared to those performing traditional endurance training over 15 weeks. The most interesting part of the study is that the energy expenditure was much higher in the endurance training group than the high intensity group. However, it yielded fewer results in terms of fat loss (10).

Other Benefits

Aside from body composition, CrossFit exercises also show greater results when it comes to physical performance. An 8-week study compared results between a high intensity exercise group and a moderate intensity exercise group. The high intensity group exercised 38.7±15.6 minutes/week while the moderate intensity group exercised 190±10.7 minutes/week. Surprisingly, the high intensity exercise group had a greater impact on muscular endurance and VO2 Max (maximal oxygen uptake) compared to the moderate intensity exercise group (10).

Paleo Nutrition

Paleo Diet Meal

Aside from the famous CrossFit workouts, the CrossFit enterprise also advocates that its members follow a low-carb Paleolithic nutrition plan. The CrossFit website further states that “constantly varied high-intensity functional movement coupled with meat and vegetables, nuts and seeds, some fruit, little starch, and no sugar—prepares you for the demands of a healthy, functional, independent life and provides a hedge against chronic disease and incapacity” (1).

As a matter of fact, in doing research for this article, I gained a lot of knowledge from the CrossFit website. I found articles discussing the deleterious health effects of sugar on American society since the start of the Industrial Revolution (2). I also found tons of low-carb recipes and informational videos demonstrating a variety of CrossFit workout variations and techniques. There’s even “CrossFit at home”, which provides simple exercise modifications.

CrossFit Community

Coach Helping Cilent at the Gym

Another very important pillar that CrossFit is known for is its sense of community. CrossFit Boxes hold regular gatherings inside and outside of the workout setting for members and coaches alike. They gather to have fun as well as build strong bonds with each other. Speaking personally and after training hundreds of clients, I’ve found that building a stronger bond within your gym community results in greater accountability for clients to show up and workout every single day.

Aside from the relationships inside the confines of the CrossFit Box, CrossFit’s official “fundraising arm” called CrossFit for Hope allocates funds to fighting childhood cancer, providing education in Kenya among other charitable acts (3). They also host several annual charity events, such as Memorial Day Murph and Barbells For Boobs.

CrossFit Controversies

With all the positive aspects of CrossFit, there has also been quite a bit of controversy surrounding it. Over its 20-year history, several scientific papers have questioned the safety of its performance versus more traditional forms of training.

Reported Injuries

Researchers from the Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation at Penn State conducted a study of 122 CrossFitters and 289 “traditional weightlifters”. The researchers asked the participants to report the number of injuries they sustained as CrossFitters during a 2-year period. Both groups reported exercising 1 to 2 hours per day for approximately 4.5 days per week (CrossFit 4.4 and Traditional 4.5) during this 2-year window. What they found is that athletes participating in CrossFit are 2.26 times more likely to be injured and to seek medical treatment compared to participants in traditional weightlifting.

Man Suffering From Shoulder Injury

Interestingly, they found that in both groups:

Shoulder injuries were the most common at a rate of 46.41% incidence
Followed by lower back injuries at 38.28%
And hip injuries at 9.09%.

CrossFitters’ most reported injuries were:

While performing the “clean and jerk” as well as the deadlift exercise (18.90% incident rate each)
During the “snatch” movement at 16.20%.

On the other hand, Traditional weightlifters were most commonly injured while performing:

The barbell and dumbbell bench press at 23.70%
Followed by the deadlift at 21.50%
And back squat at 17.0%.

Woman Doing Deadlift

Admittedly, the researchers report that “the increased likelihood of injury may have less to do with the exercises involved with CrossFit and more related to the intensity with which the exercises are performed. Thus, increased awareness is needed to prevent further injuries.” (4).

CrossFit Responds

However, this article elicited a quick response in a letter from CrossFit stating, “it requires immediate retraction because it is beset with scientific error, cites retracted studies that contained fabricated data and inaccurately cites other studies concerning our CrossFit brand” (5). In this letter, CrossFit points out that the Penn State study twice cited a retracted article published by the NSCA, a competing Strength and Conditioning Association, in 2013. The NSCA article was retracted in 2017 for false claims pertaining to CrossFit’s injury rate. According to Retraction Watch, CrossFit has settled for 4 million dollars (not including case damages) from the NSCA as sanctions following the misrepresented article. However, as of today, the Penn State article still stands (6).

CrossFit Risks

Despite the research done by competing strength and conditioning associations, other researchers have also independently investigated the injury rate of CrossFit athletes.

The Study

A study done by the Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine included 3,049 participants from 42 different countries who underwent CrossFit workouts from the years of 2013-2017. The results were 30.5% of the participants reporting an injury over the previous 12 months because of CrossFit training. The most common joints that experienced injury for both males and females, in order, were:

The shoulders (39%)
Back (36%)
Knees (15%)
Elbows (12%)
And wrists (11%).

It’s important to note that significantly more injuries occurred in the population that only performed CrossFit workouts 3 days per week compared to those who participated 3 to 5 or >5 days per week. They also found that those with less than 6 months of experience had the highest rates of injuries, experiencing 3.9 per 1,000 hours, followed by those with 6 to 12 months of experience at 3.21 injuries per 1,000 hours (7). This suggests that CrossFit injuries more often occur in those with less experience. So perhaps CrossFit beginners would benefit from more training and overall caution.

Other Causes of Injuries

Many speculate that injuries from CrossFit (especially at the shoulder joint) stem from the overhead Olympic lifts that are commonly used during CrossFit along with exercises, such as the kipping pull-up, that require the shoulders to move beyond their “normal” physiologic range (180 degrees of flexion of motion). Another potential contributor to CrossFit-related injuries is muscular fatigue. This could happen after performing a high number of repetitions during a CrossFit workout on a given day.

The article states “muscular fatigue may have particularly deleterious effects on the glenohumeral joint, as congruency of this joint is dependent on sustained muscular activation. Muscular fatigue may also contribute to loss of proper exercise technique and resultant injury.^”(8). In simple language, the glenohumeral joint is the shoulder joint, so overexertion of this joint for any reason may result in injury.

Proper CrossFit Form

Below are demonstrations and instructions with proper form for the exercises that caused the most injury amongst participants in one of the previously mentioned studies (4):

Clean and Jerk (9)

Snatch (1)

Deadlift (1)

Kipping Pull Up (1)

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Conclusion

CrossFit’s high intensity workouts, whole foods endorsing nutrition plans, competitive nature and community-centered motives create an extremely loyal following. If you have ever been curious, I hope this article has given you a good idea of what CrossFit has to offer. This new wave of fitness has definitely taken the industry by storm as one of the most popular exercise regimens around – to the extent that competing associations have published falsified literature, which has since been retracted, related to CrossFit’s injury rate.

Based on currently limited research, CrossFit appears to have a slightly greater risk of injury than a traditional workout program. In particular, the injury incidence showed to be greatest among male CrossFitters and participants who had less than 1 year of experience with this style of exercise. Also, the injuries most commonly occur at the shoulder joint.

Exercising Caution

Common causes that lead to a breakdown in technique (potentially resulting in injury) include:

An excessive level of intensity during each exercise in the workout
Muscle fatigue leads to a lack of joint congruency
And excessive mobility demands on the shoulder joint.

Beginners would benefit from gaining experience performing compound exercises with proper technique (especially the overhead motions) and building a good baseline of conditioning. This is essential for reducing the level of muscular fatigue you may experience during a CrossFit workout.

If you are new to fitness and decide to make CrossFit your home, utilize your coaches and ensure that they’re checking your form prior to each lift. In the end, there is a certain level of risk in every physical activity you perform. However, when you perform them correctly, CrossFit exercises yield great results. CrossFit also offers a community environment that many fitness enthusiasts feel comfortable in. While the decision is ultimately yours, I hope this article has provided you with the essential information you need to make an informed choice.

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References

Tyler Guzzo

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